程式語言的歷史演進 + 圖表 1843 ~ 2013

原來程式語言的發展是從 1843年開始, 到現在已經有 170年的歷史.

來記錄程式語言的歷史演進過程、用途~

註: Golang 在這圖表還沒有記錄.

程式語言的歷史演進 + 圖表 1843 ~ 2013

最主要想要記錄的是各程式語言起始的時間點, 可以搭配此篇: 鬍子決定程式語言運勢, 參照著看.

1. 1957 – Fortran
2. 1958 – Lisp
3. 1959 – Cobol
4. 1964 – BASIC
5. 1970 – Pascal
6. 1972 – C
7. 1980 – Ada
8. 1983 – C++
9. 1983 – Objective-C
10. 1987 – Perl
11. 1991 – Python
12. 1993 – Ruby
13. 1995 – Java
14. 1995 – PHP
15. 1995 – JavaScript
16. 2009 - Go (2007/9/21 開始設計, 2009/11/10 首次公開發佈)

原文可見: Infographic: The History of Programming Languages, 下述摘錄自此文:

1. 1957 – Fortran (short for "The IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System")
   • Creator: John Backus of IBM
   • Primary Uses: Supercomputing applications (i.e. weather and climate modeling, animal and plant breeding, computational science functions)
   • Used By: NASA
2. 1958 – Lisp (short for "List Processor")
   • High-level. For mathematical notation. Several new computer science topics: tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic typing, and self-hosting compilers
   • Creator: John McCarthy of MIT
     Primary Uses: AL development, air defense systems
   • Used By: Etsy uses Clojure, a dialect of Lisp
3. 1959 – Cobol (short for "Common Business-Oriented Language)
   • High-level. Primarily for business computing. First programming language to be mandated by the US Department of Defense.
   • Creator: Short Range Committee (SRC)
   • Primary Uses: Business software (esp. finance and administration systems, but also banks, insurance agencies, governments, military agencies)
   • Used By: Credit cards, ATMs
   • *Fun Fact Action movie The Terminator used samples of Cobol source code for the text shown in the Terminator’s vision display.
4. 1964 – BASIC (acronym for "Beginner’s All-purpose
   • Symbolic Instruction Code")
     General-purpose, high-level. Designed for simplicity. Popularity exploded in the mid-‘70s with home computers; early computer games were often written in Basic, including Mike Mayfield’s Star Trek.
   • Creator: John George Kenny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz of Dartmouth (SRC)
   • Primary Uses: Home computers, simple games, programs, utilities
   • Used By: Microsoft’s Altair BASIC, Apple II
5. 1970 – Pascal (after French mathematician/physicist Blaise Pascal)
   • High-level. For teaching structured programming and data structuring. Commercial versions widely used throughout the ‘80s.
   • Creator: Niklaus Wirth
   • Primary Uses: Teaching programming. Also – Object Pascal, a derivative, is commonly used for Windows application development
   • Used By: Apple Lisa (1983), Skype
6. 1972 – C (based on an earlier language called "B")
   • General-purpose, low-level. Created for Unix systems. Currently the world’s most popular programming language.2 Many leading languages are derivatives, including C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, and Python.
   • Creator: Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs
   • Primary Uses: Cross-platform programming, system programming, Unix programming, computer game development
   • Used By: Unix
7. 1980 – Ada (After Ada Lovelace, inventor of the first programming language)
   • High-level. Derived from Pascal. Contracted by the US Department of Defense in 1977 for developing large software systems.
   • Creator: Jean Ichbiah
   • Primary Uses: Dept. of Defense, banking, manufacturing, transportation, commercial aviation
   • Used By: NSTAR, Reuters, NASA, subways worldwide
8. 1983 – C++ (formerly "C with Classes"; ++ is the increment operator in "C")
   • Intermediate-level, object-oriented. An extension of C, with enhancements such as classes, virtual functions, and templates.
   • Creator: Bjarne Stroustrup
   • Primary Uses: Commercial application development, embedded software, server/client applications, video games
   • Used By: Adobe, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Internet Explorer
9. 1983 – Objective-C (object-oriented extension of "C")
   • General-purpose, high-level. Expanded on C, adding message-passing functionality based on Smalltalk language.
   • Creator: Brad Cox and Tom Love of Stepstone
   • Primary Uses: Apple programming
   • Used By: Apple’s OS X and iOS operating systems
10. 1987 – Perl (a language named "PEARL" already existed, so "Pearl" wasn’t an option…)
    • General-purpose, high-level. Created for report processing on Unix systems. Today it’s known for high power and versatility.
    • Creator: Larry Wall of Unisys
    • Primary Uses: CGI, database applications, system administration, network programming, graphics programming
    • Used By: IMDb, Amazon, Priceline, Ticketmaster
11. 1991 – Python (for British comedy troupe Monty Python – tutorials, sample code, and instructions often reference them)
    • General-purpose, high-level. Created to support a variety of programming styles and be fun to use.
    • Creator: Guido Van Rossum of CWI
    • Primary Uses: Web application, software development, information security
    • Used By: Google, Yahoo, Spotify
12. 1993 – Ruby (the birthstone of one of the creator’s collaborator)
    • General-purpose, high-level. A teaching language influence by Perl, Ada, Lisp, Smalltalk, etc. Designed for productive and enjoyable programming.
    • Creator: Yukihiro Matsumoto
    • Primary Uses: Web application development, Ruby on Rails
    • Used By: Twitter, Hulu, Groupon
13. 1995 – Java (for the amount of coffee consumed while developing the language)
    • General-purpose, high-level. Made for an interactive TV project. Cross-platform functionality. Second most popular language (behind C).2
    • Creator: James Gosling of Microsystems
    • Primary Uses: Network programming, web application development, software development, Graphical User Interface development
    • Used By: Android OS/apps
14. 1995 – PHP ("Personal Home Page")
    • Open-source, general-purpose. For building dynamic web pages. Most widely used open-source software by enterprises.
    • Creator: Rasmus Lerdorf
    • Primary Uses: Building/maintaining dynamic web pages, server-side development
    • Used By: Facebook, Wikipedia, Digg, WordPress, Joomla
15. 1995 – JavaScript (final choice after "Mocha" and "LiveScript"
    • High-level. Created to extend web page functionality. Dynamic web pages use for form submission/validation, interactivity, animations, user activity tracking, etc.
    • Creator: Brendan Eich of Netscape
    • Primary Uses: Dynamic web development, PDF documents, web browsers, desktop widgets
    • Used By: Gmail, Adobe Photoshop, Mozilla Firefox

程式語言歷史資訊圖表

此篇 "程式語言的歷史資訊圖表：Java 才是現任霸主" 為上述的中文翻譯 + 摘要說明, 下述摘錄自此文:

愛達·勒芙蕾絲(Ada Lovelace)是大家公認的首位電腦程式設計師，也開創了世上首上程式語言，從 1843 年至今，程式語言的發展至今已近 170 年的歷史了，在美國現今約有 120 萬以上的相關從業人員，程式也發展出不同的語言，不過根據 Veracode 的調查來看，Java 才是目前最多人使用的程式語言。

1. 1843 年: 愛達·勒芙蕾絲(Ada Lovelace)是大家公認的首位電腦程式設計師，也開創了世上首上程式語言。
2. 1957 ~ 1959 年: FORTRAN、LISP 與 COBOL 是這時期誕生的程式語言。
3. 1970 年: PASCAL 於這一年由尼克勞斯·維爾特（Niklaus Wirth）所創造出來。
4. 1972 年: 著名的 C 語言是在這年誕生的，由貝爾實驗室的丹尼斯·里奇（Dennis Ritchie）以早期的 B 語言為基礎所開創出來的，是為了在早期的電腦上執行 UNIX 系統所開創出來的，並做為通用開發的低階程式語言。早期 WWW 網際網路伺服器也是以 C 語言在 1973 年重新撰寫的 UNIX 上運作的。
5. 1983 年: C++ 早期被稱之為「C with Classes（包含型別的 C 語言）」，同樣由貝爾實驗室的比雅尼·史特勞斯特魯普（Bjarne Stroustrup）發明，其後才另命名為 C++，其「+」表示為增強之意，C++ 屬中階程式語言，加強了 C 語言中的 Classes（型別）、虛擬函式、模版等功能。
6. 1983 年: Objective-C 同樣是洐生至 C 語言的程式語言，由 Stepstone 公司的創辦人布萊德·考克斯（Brad Cox）與湯姆·勒（Tom Love）共同發明，屬於通用、高階的程式語言，其並加入了物件導向與 Smalltalk 語言的訊息傳遞風格。
7. 1987 年: Perl 為通用型的高階程式語言，其一開始是 Unisys 的拉里·沃爾（Larry Wall）為了在 UNIX 系統上處理報表更為方便而開創的，Perl 的高性能與靈活度佳被廣為稱道，甚至有程式語言的瑞士刀之稱，其應用範圍很廣，在 CGI、資料庫軟體、系統管理、網路程式與圖形程式都適用。
8. 1991 年: Python 是Guido van Rossum（Guido van Rossum）於 CWI（Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica；國家數學和計算機科學研究學會）任職時為了打發時間而開發出來的，其名字則來自其喜愛的英國電視喜劇《Monty Python’s Flying Circus（蒙提·派森的飛行馬戲團）》，也是一個通用型的高階程式語言。
9. 1993 年: 以創造人松本行弘（Yukihiro Matsumoto）的誕生石為名的 Ruby 是這幾年頗為當紅的程式語言，也是統計中成長最快的。
10. 1995 年: 與咖啡同名的 Java，其名字也真的來自咖啡，只因昇陽工程師詹姆斯·高斯林（James Gosling）覺得在開發此一程式語言時需要耗掉大量的咖啡。其實 Java 本來要命名為 Oak，只不過名稱已被先行註冊，只好更名為 Java。
11. 1995 年: PHP 的原文其實是 Personal Home Page 個人首頁，是開創者拉斯姆斯·勒多夫（Rasmus Lerdorf）為了要維護個人網頁所開發的程式集，由於可以組成動態的網頁，在釋出後經各方改寫另外更名成了現今的 Hypertext Preprocessor 超文字預處理器。
12. 1995 年: JavaScript 是屬於高階語言，是由網景 Netscape 的布蘭登·艾克（Brendan Eich）為了添增網頁功能而設計而發明的，可用在動態網頁中提交、確認表格資料，創造互動、動畫，或是追踪使用者行為。除了動態網頁的開發外，PDF 文件、瀏覽器與桌面小工具都可利用 JavaScript 來開發。